{"id":17561,"date":"2015-03-17T17:06:05","date_gmt":"2015-03-17T17:06:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/?p=17561"},"modified":"2015-03-17T17:06:05","modified_gmt":"2015-03-17T17:06:05","slug":"45-working-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/?p=17561","title":{"rendered":"45# Working Paper"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nAutores:<\/strong> Raquel Brito; Carlos Pimenta
\nT\u00edtulo: <\/strong>Fraud in Municipalities - Research Project
\nFraude nos Munic\u00edpios - Projecto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o
\nEditor:<\/strong>\u00a0Edi\u00e7\u00f5es H\u00famus & OBEGEF
\nData:<\/strong>\u00a02015, Mar.
\nP\u00e1ginas:<\/strong> 51
\n\u00a9: Observat\u00f3rio de Economia e Gest\u00e3o de Fraude
\n<\/strong><\/strong>Formato ficheiro:<\/strong>\u00a0pdf (portable document format)
\nDimens\u00e3o: <\/strong>407 kb
\nSolicita\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong>\u00a0Transmita-nos<\/a>\u00a0a sua opini\u00e3o sobre este trabalho.
\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(Carregue na imagem para importar o livro)<\/p>\n

Resumo:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"texto<\/a>Assumindo que cada munic\u00edpio possui uma autonomia relativa, atendendo ao seu espa\u00e7o social e geogr\u00e1fico, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel desenvolver modelos que estimem a fraude e a corrup\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 num amplo sentido sociol\u00f3gico \u2013 por munic\u00edpio.
\nA fraude e a corrup\u00e7\u00e3o resultam do impacto do ambiente social. Do funcionamento das institui\u00e7\u00f5es e das pr\u00e1ticas individuais, bem como das intera\u00e7\u00f5es que resultam destes. Partindo deste quadro, ciclos viciosos e virtuosos poder\u00e3o ocorrer, com especificidades locais.
\nOs munic\u00edpios s\u00e3o, frequentemente, alvo de aten\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica e de investiga\u00e7\u00f5es criminais, contudo, a informa\u00e7\u00e3o quantificada \u00e9 dispersa e incompleta. Para al\u00e9m disso, as aten\u00e7\u00f5es incidem mais sobre a frequ\u00eancia da fraude do que propriamente o seu valor. O que poder\u00e1 potenciar um desfasamento s\u00e9rio entre a realidade da fraude e da corrup\u00e7\u00e3o e a sua perce\u00e7\u00e3o. Apenas pela aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de diferentes metodologias na quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos factos e das rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre institui\u00e7\u00f5es, ser\u00e1 poss\u00edvel resultar num conhecimento sobre a fraude e a corrup\u00e7\u00e3o no interior das institui\u00e7\u00f5es.
\nAt\u00e9 ao momento, consideramos uma abordagem que tem por base a integra\u00e7\u00e3o de tr\u00eas vetores. Sendo, contudo poss\u00edvel a inser\u00e7\u00e3o de outros vetores de an\u00e1lise.
\nEm primeiro lugar \u00e9 aceit\u00e1vel reconhecer a influ\u00eancia social e a intera\u00e7\u00e3o institucional na exist\u00eancia de um ambiente mais ou menos favor\u00e1vel \u00e0 fraude e corrup\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9 poss\u00edvel estimar a probabilidade da fraude assumindo um conjunto de hip\u00f3teses, combinando as informa\u00e7\u00f5es disponibilizadas pelos munic\u00edpios, combinando conhecimentos de Gest\u00e3o da fraude, da sociologia e da criminologia, bem como pela combina\u00e7\u00e3o de dados estat\u00edsticos espaciais e pela dete\u00e7\u00e3o de determinados ind\u00edcios.
\nSegundo, a pr\u00f3pria natureza velada da fraude, a dura\u00e7\u00e3o do seu desenvolvimento e elevada diversidade das suas formas requerem quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o. Neste sentido pretende-se aceder \u00e0 quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o da perce\u00e7\u00e3o de fraude, e aos resultados de inqu\u00e9ritos de vitimiza\u00e7\u00e3o. Estes devem ser aplicados a diferentes \u201calvos\u201d, seguindo-se a compara\u00e7\u00e3o dos resultados no sentido de obter um vislumbre sobre a heterogeneidade das fraudes analisadas.
\nTerceiro, \u00e9 reconhecido que as estruturas do poder local, nas suas fun\u00e7\u00f5es administrativas e pol\u00edticas, t\u00eam uma influ\u00eancia decisiva na fraude. \u00c9 necess\u00e1rio encontrar e desenvolver modelos de an\u00e1lise e quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o do funcionamento dos munic\u00edpios relativamente \u00e0 fraude ocupacional e organizacional. Tal, poder\u00e1 ser conseguido, por exemplo, pela an\u00e1lise das suas pol\u00edticas preventivas de combate \u00e0 corrup\u00e7\u00e3o, das suas pr\u00e1ticas administrativas, pelas suas atitudes pol\u00edtico-institucional, ou pelas suas liga\u00e7\u00f5es sociais locais.
\nA articula\u00e7\u00e3o entre estes tr\u00eas vetores d\u00e1 luz a uma enorme possibilidade de quantificar a fraude por munic\u00edpio. Esta metodologia permite a operacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da preven\u00e7\u00e3o da fraude considerando a diversidade dos agentes envolvidos, das leis e tempo.
\nQualquer m\u00e9todo que procure a quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o da Economia N\u00e3o- Registadas enfrenta dificuldades, quem sabe a impossibilidade, numa segmenta\u00e7\u00e3o espacial por unidade referenciada \u2013 o munic\u00edpio em causa \u2013 que se apresenta como completamente aberta para o exterior. O modelo apresentado aqui permite a interce\u00e7\u00e3o dos seus resultados com os dados nacionais de Economia N\u00e3o-Registada, permitindo uma abordagem para a segmenta\u00e7\u00e3o espacial.<\/p>\n

\"Texto<\/a>If one assumes that each municipality has a relative autonomy regarding the geographical and social spaces one can create fraud and corruption estimation models \u2212 in an ample sociological sense \u2212 by municipality.
\nFraud and corruption are the result of the social environment impact, the functioning of institutions and the individual practices, as well as the interactions between them. From this framework, vicious and virtuous cycles occur, with local specificities.
\nThe municipalities are frequently the focus of public attention and criminal investigation, but the quantified information is scarce and partial. Besides that, attention is more about the frequency of fraud rather than to its value. This can create a serious gap between the reality of fraud and corruption and its perception. Only the use of different methodologies for quantifying the facts and networking between institutions can give an insight of the fraud and corruption within a municipality.
\nAt this moment we consider the integration of three vectors in the model. However, the possibility of expansion is also considered.
\nFirst of all, it is recognized that the social influence and institutional interaction about the existence of an environment more or less favorable to fraud and corruption. It is possible to estimate fraud probability assuming a set of hypotheses, and combining the information available by municipality, the knowledge of the Fraud Management, Sociology and Criminology, statistical spatial studies to other places and the detection of some indicia.
\nSecondly, the thinly veiled nature of the fraud, its time of gestation and the great diversity of its forms, requires any quantification to use perception quantification and the results of victimization surveys. These must be applied to different targets, to compare results and to get a glimpse on the heterogeneity of analyzed frauds.
\nThirdly, it is recognized that local power structures in their political and administrative functions have a decisive influence on fraud. We must find ways to analyze and quantify the functioning of municipalities in relation to occupational and organizational fraud. That can be achieved, for example, by analyzing their plans for preventing corruption, their administrative practices, their political-institutional attitudes or their local social networks.
\nThe articulation between these three vectors highlights a greater possibility to quantify the fraud by municipalities. This geography allows the operationalization of fraud prevention that considers the diversity of agents, layers and times.
\nAll methods to quantify the Non-Registered Economy face difficulties, perhaps impossibility, in spatial segmentation if the unit of reference - in this case the municipality - is completely open to the outside. The model shown here allows intercepting their results with the national Non-Registered Economy, allowing an approach to spatial segmentation.<\/p>\n

\u00a9 Direitos de autor<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Autores: Raquel Brito; Carlos Pimenta T\u00edtulo: Fraud in Municipalities – Research Project Fraude nos Munic\u00edpios – Projecto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Editor:\u00a0Edi\u00e7\u00f5es H\u00famus & OBEGEF Data:\u00a02015, Mar. P\u00e1ginas: 51 \u00a9: Observat\u00f3rio de Economia e Gest\u00e3o de Fraude Formato ficheiro:\u00a0pdf (portable document format) Dimens\u00e3o: 407 kb Solicita\u00e7\u00e3o:\u00a0Transmita-nos\u00a0a sua opini\u00e3o sobre este trabalho.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-working-papers-publicacoes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17561"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17561\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17567,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17561\/revisions\/17567"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}