{"id":17294,"date":"2015-03-03T20:32:23","date_gmt":"2015-03-03T20:32:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/?p=17294"},"modified":"2015-03-03T20:34:49","modified_gmt":"2015-03-03T20:34:49","slug":"44-working-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/?p=17294","title":{"rendered":"44# Working Paper"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nAutores:<\/strong> Pedro Dutra
\nT\u00edtulo: <\/strong>Customs trade facilitation programs and the reduction of customs-related corruption. Are these concepts connected?
\nEditor:<\/strong>\u00a0Edi\u00e7\u00f5es H\u00famus & OBEGEF
\nData:<\/strong>\u00a02015, Fev.
\nP\u00e1ginas:<\/strong> 33
\n\u00a9: Observat\u00f3rio de Economia e Gest\u00e3o de Fraude
\n<\/strong><\/strong>Formato ficheiro:<\/strong>\u00a0pdf (portable document format)
\nDimens\u00e3o: <\/strong>1377 kb
\nSolicita\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong>\u00a0Transmita-nos<\/a>\u00a0a sua opini\u00e3o sobre este trabalho.
\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(Carregue na imagem para importar o livro)<\/p>\n

Resumo:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"texto<\/a>Com o aumento do fluxo do com\u00e9rcio, as empresas multinacionais come\u00e7aram a procurar pelos menores custos de produ\u00e7\u00e3o, neste intuito, as empresas at\u00e9 mudaram seu modelo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o. Ao inv\u00e9s de focar toda sua cadeia de produ\u00e7\u00e3o em um \u00fanico local, as companhias come\u00e7aram a alocar cada fase de seu processo produtivo em locais que oferecessem os custos mais baixos para os diferentes tipos de atividades. Observando esta realidade, somente aqueles pa\u00edses que eram capazes de oferecer custos competitivos poderiam participar dessa cadeia de valor internacional, excluindo os Pa\u00edses de Menor Desenvolvimento Relativo (PMDR) e Pa\u00edses em Desenvolvimento (PED) dos benef\u00edcios da liberaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do com\u00e9rcio. Analisando este contexto, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel perceber que uma grande parcela deste problema pode ser atribu\u00edda \u00e0 baixa efici\u00eancia das autoridades aduaneiras no processamento de maiores volumes de transa\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais, instala\u00e7\u00f5es inadequadas em fronteiras terrestres ou portos, fraca infraestrutura f\u00edsica, burocracia ineficiente e corrup\u00e7\u00e3o. Neste artigo ser\u00e1 analisada a \u00faltima justificativa para a baixa efici\u00eancia das autoridades aduaneiras, a corrup\u00e7\u00e3o. Como vamos ver, procedimentos aduaneiros inadequados podem criar diferentes tipos de problemas, dentre eles o que mais preocupa nos dias atuais \u00e9 a corrup\u00e7\u00e3o. Corrup\u00e7\u00e3o relacionada com as aduanas custam para o membros da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial das Alf\u00e2ndegas pelo menos $2 bilh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares americanos em receita fiscais a cada ano. Usando estat\u00edstica sobre pagamento de propinas e a atual experi\u00eancia quanto ao pagamento delas, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel expor que a ado\u00e7\u00e3o de medidas de facilita\u00e7\u00e3o do com\u00e9rcio somente iriam ajudar a reduzir os n\u00edveis de corrup\u00e7\u00e3o e melhorar a efici\u00eancia \u2013 em um grande n\u00famero de ag\u00eancias aduaneiras \u2013 se o diretor dessas ag\u00eancias aplicasse uma grande abordagem reformista. Baseado na teoria do clube da corrup\u00e7\u00e3o, este artigo tem, por um lado, o objetivo de expor quais ag\u00eancias aduaneiras em processo de reforma est\u00e3o caminhando para os n\u00edveis de integridade e efici\u00eancia da OCDE ou, por outro lado, quais est\u00e3o deslizando para o grupo dos pa\u00edses da \u201czona vermelha\u201d. Tal deslizamento resulta do incentivo que autoridades aduaneiras corruptas t\u00eam para bloquear a reforma. Por exemplo, pa\u00edses realizando programas aduaneiros de reformas \u2013 como aqueles aprovados pela Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial das Alf\u00e2ndegas \u2013 n\u00e3o devem adotar medidas reformistas parciais. Eles precisam engajar-se em programas de anticorrup\u00e7\u00e3o e de melhoramento de efici\u00eancia de forma profunda o suficiente para garantir que eles se beneficiaram da facilita\u00e7\u00e3o do com\u00e9rcio. A remo\u00e7\u00e3o de tais barreiras comerciais atrav\u00e9s do melhoramento das medidas de facilita\u00e7\u00e3o do com\u00e9rcio ir\u00e1 elevar significantemente o com\u00e9rcio entre esses pa\u00edses. A metodologia usada neste artigo baseia-se nos m\u00e9todos de pesquisa anal\u00edtico e dedutivo praticado na an\u00e1lise de publica\u00e7\u00f5es de ag\u00eancias internacionais e na an\u00e1lise de recentes dados estat\u00edsticos que mostram que os programas de facilita\u00e7\u00e3o do com\u00e9rcio somente ajudam a diminuir a corrup\u00e7\u00e3o se a ag\u00eancia aduaneira realizar um s\u00e9rio e extensivo trabalho anticorrup\u00e7\u00e3o e de promo\u00e7\u00e3o da efici\u00eancia.<\/p>\n

\"Texto<\/a>With the trade flows\u2019 increase, the multinationals companies started to chase for lower costs of production in this order these companies changed their production model. Instead focus all its productive chain in one single spot, the companies started to allocate each phase of its productive process in the spots that enabled lower costs for the kind of activity made. Facing this reality, only those countries that were capable of offer competitive costs could participated on these international value chain, excluding many Less Developed Countries (LDC\u2019s) and Developing Countries (DC\u2019s) from the benefits of the trade liberalization. Analyzing the context, is possible realize that a big amount of this problem can be attributed to the low efficiency of the customs authorities in the processing of increasing volumes of trade transactions, inadequate facilities at the land and sea ports, weak physical infrastructure, inefficient bureaucracy and corruption. In this paper will be analyzed the latter reason for the low efficiency of customs authorities, the corruption. As we will see, inadequate customs procedures can create different kinds of problems, among these what most concerns today is corruption.\u00a0 Customs-related corruption costs to World Customs Organization (WCO) members at least $2 billion of American dollars in customs revenue each year. Using data about bribe payers\u2019 actual experiences in paying bribes, it is possible to show that the adoption of trade facilitation measures would only help reduce the levels of corruption and improve efficiency \u2013 in a large number of customs agencies \u2013 if the customs agency\u2019s director undertakes a huge approach to reform. Based on corruption clubs theory this paper aims, on one hand, to show which customs agencies in the process of reform are either moving toward OECD levels of integrity and efficiency or, on other hand, which one are sliding toward a \u201cred zone\u201d group of countries. Such a sliding results from the incentives corrupt customs officials have to stymie reform. For instance, countries undertaking\u00a0 reform customs programs \u2013 i.e. those endorsed by the World Customs Organization \u2013 should not adopt reform measures piece-meal. They need to engage an anti-corruption and efficiency-enhancement programs deeply enough to ensure they benefit from trade facilitation. Removal of such trade barrier though improvement in trade facilitation measures will generate significant rise in trade among those countries. The methodology used in this paper was the analytical and deductive research\u2019s methods in publications of international agencies and the analyze of recent data which shows that trade facilitation programs help decrease corruption only if the customs agency undertakes serious and extensive anti-corruption and efficiency enhancing work<\/p>\n

\u00a9 Direitos de autor<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\u00c9 permitida<\/strong>\u00a0a importa\u00e7\u00e3o gratuita.<\/em>
\n\u00c9 permitida<\/strong>\u00a0a c\u00f3pia de partes deste documento, sem qualquer modifica\u00e7\u00e3o, para utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o individual. A reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de partes do seu conte\u00fado \u00e9 permitida exclusivamente em documentos cient\u00edficos, com indica\u00e7\u00e3o expressa da fonte.
\nN\u00e3o \u00e9 permitida<\/strong>\u00a0qualquer utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o comercial. N\u00e3o \u00e9 permitida a sua disponibiliza\u00e7\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s de rede electr\u00f3nica ou qualquer forma de partilha electr\u00f3nica.
\nEm caso de d\u00favida<\/strong>\u00a0ou pedido de autoriza\u00e7\u00e3o, contactar directamente o OBEGEF.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Autores: Pedro Dutra T\u00edtulo: Customs trade facilitation programs and the reduction of customs-related corruption. Are these concepts connected? Editor:\u00a0Edi\u00e7\u00f5es H\u00famus & OBEGEF Data:\u00a02015, Fev. P\u00e1ginas: 33 \u00a9: Observat\u00f3rio de Economia e Gest\u00e3o de Fraude Formato ficheiro:\u00a0pdf (portable document format) Dimens\u00e3o: 1377 kb Solicita\u00e7\u00e3o:\u00a0Transmita-nos\u00a0a sua opini\u00e3o sobre este trabalho.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-working-papers-publicacoes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17294","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17294"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17297,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17294\/revisions\/17297"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17294"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obegef.pt\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}